Cross-cultural and psychometric validation of the Fraboni scale of ageism in Peruvian nursing students
-
Jack Roberto Silva Fhon
,
Catalina Olimpia Bello-Vidal
,
Maritza Evangelina Villanueva-Benites
,
Orfelina Arpasi-Quispe
,
Zoila Esperanza Leitón-Espinoza
,
Walter Capa-Luque
Abstract
Background & Aim: The elderly population has increased in the last decades and they are often discriminated against in society due to their age. This study aimed to perform the cross-cultural and psychometric validation of the Fraboni Scale of Ageism in Peruvian nursing students.
Methods & Materials: This is a cross-sectional methodological study, carried out in four universities in Peru in which 959 nursing students participated. For the adaptation process, the forward-backward method of the original English version into Spanish was used. For the content analysis, the study was carried out with the participation of specialist judges, while confirmatory factor analysis was used for the internal structure of the construct as invariance of measurement. Reliability was estimated by internal consistency for categorical items.
Results: The total content validity estimated with CVI was 0.97. The internal structure of the construct was found to be appropriate for the respecified 20-item model (CFI and TLI=0.94, RMSEA=0.07, and SRMR=0.05). The 20-item bi-factor model presented excellent fit indices (CFI=0.96 and TLI=0.95, RMSEA=0.06 and SRMR=0.04), being the best model for construct validity. Measurement invariance by sex was confirmed for all four models (configural, metric, strong, and strict). The three-dimensional model (ω=0.93) as well as the bi-factor model (ωH=0.88) showed high reliability for the scale scores.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the 20-item Peruvian version of the Fraboni Scale of Ageism shows validity and reliability for its scores. In addition, the scale score is invariant by sex.
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26. Lee J, Yu H, Cho HH, Kim M, Yang S. Ageism between medical and preliminary medical persons in Korea. Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research. 2020 Mar;24(1):41-9.
27. Lira MT, Caballero E. Cross-cultural adaptation of evaluation instruments in health: history and reflections of why, how and when. Rev Médica Clínica Las Condes [Internet]. 2020;31(1):85-94.
28. Fan JY, Zhao HM, Liu YT, Kong LL, Mao J, Li J. Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Fraboni scale of ageism: evidence from medical students sample. BMC Medical Education, 2020 Jun;20(1):197.
29. Kutlu Y, Kucuk L, Yildiz Findik U. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Fraboni Scale of Ageism. Nursing & Health Sciences. 2012 Dec;14(4):464-71.
30. Li J, Dong Z, Xie W, Yang L, Qi X. Psychometric properties of the Fraboni scale of ageism (FSA) applied to long-term caregivers in nursing homes. BMC Geriatrics. 2024 Jul 25;24(1):632.
31. Ozel Bilim I, Kutlu FY. The psychometric properties, confirmatory factor analysis, and cut‐off value for the Fraboni scale of ageism (FSA) in a sampling of healthcare workers. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2021 Jan;57(1):9-19.
32. Ayalon L, Tesch-Romer C. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism. Springer International Publishing; available at: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8. Accessed July 16, 2024.
2. United Nations. Aging, older persons and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Available at: https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/44369-envejecimiento-personas-mayores-agenda-2030-desarrollo-sostenible-perspectiva. Accessed July 16, 2024
3. Instituto Nacional Estadística e Informática. Situación de la población peruana 2024: una mirada de la diversidad étnica. 2024. Available at: https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/6616587/5751291-situacion-de-la-poblacion-peruana-2024-una-mirada-de-la-diversidad-etnica.pdf?v=1720728622. Accessed September 17, 2024.
4. Instituto Nacional Estadística e Informática. Situación de la Población Adulta Mayor. Informe Técnico No 1 Marzo 2024 – Octubre - Noviembre - Diciembre 2023. Available at: https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf. Accessed June 16, 2024.
5. Officer A, Thiyagarajan JA, Schneiders ML, Nash P, De la Fuente-Núñez V. Ageism, healthy life expectancy, and population aging: how are they related? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020 Jan;17(9):3159.
6. Brito Sosa G, Iraizoz Barrios AM, García Mir V, Santos Luna JA, León García GLA, Jaramillo Simbaña RM. Factors associated with the perception of discrimination: ageism and quality of life of the geriatric population from a bioethical approach. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas (Cordoba, Argentina). 2023 Sep 29;80(3):221-38.
7. World Health Organization. Aging and health. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health. Accessed June 16, 2024.
8. Butler RN. Age-Ism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist. 1969 Dec;9(4):243-6.
9. Levy BR, Bavishi A. Survival advantage mechanism: Inflammation as a mediator of positive self-perceptions of aging on longevity. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 2018 Mar 2;73(3):409-12.
10. Seidler AL, Wolff JK. Bidirectional associations between self-perceptions of aging and processing speed across 3 years. GeroPsych 2017 Jun;30(2):49–59.
11. Kwan C, Walsh CA. Old age poverty: A scoping review of the literature. Cogent Social Sciences. 2018 Jan 1;4(1):1478479.
12. World Health Organization. Global report on ageism. Available at: https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/demographic-change-and-healthy-ageing/combatting-ageism/global-report-on-ageism. Accessed July 16, 2024.
13. Ha J, Kim J. Ageism and the factors affecting ageism among Korean nursing students: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Feb;18(4):1798.
14. Gherman MA, Arhiri L, Holman AC. Ageism, moral sensitivity and nursing students' intentions to work with older people–A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today. 2022 Jun 1;113:105372.
15. Rubio DM, Berg-Weger M, Tebb SS, Lee ES, Rauch S. Objectifying content validity: Conducting a content validity study in social work research. Social Work Research. 2003 Jun 1;27(2):94-104.
16. Coluci MZ, Alexandre NM, Milani D. Construction of measurement instruments in the area of health. Ciencia & saude coletiva. 2015 Mar 1;20(3):925.
17. Pasquali L. Princípios de elaboração de escalas psicológicas. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica. 1998 Sep;25(5):206-13.
18. Fraboni M, Saltstone R, Hughes S. The Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA): An attempt at a more precise measure of ageism. Canadian Journal on Aging, 1990;9:56-66.
19. DiStefano C, Morgan GB. A comparison of diagonal weighted least squares robust estimation techniques for ordinal data. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal. 2014 Jul 3;21(3):425-38.
20. Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 1999;6(1):1-55.
21. Kline R. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press, 2015. P. 494.
22. Chen FF. Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2007;14(3), 464-504.
23. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2002;9(2), 233-255.
24. Kalkbrenner MT. Alpha, Omega, and H Internal consistency reliability estimates: reviewing these options and when to use them. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 2021;14(1):1-12.
25. Ungar A, Cherubini A, Fratiglioni L, Fuente-Niñez V, Fried L, Krasovitsky MS et al. Carta of Florence against ageism. No place for ageism in health care. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2024 Feb;15:285-90.
26. Lee J, Yu H, Cho HH, Kim M, Yang S. Ageism between medical and preliminary medical persons in Korea. Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research. 2020 Mar;24(1):41-9.
27. Lira MT, Caballero E. Cross-cultural adaptation of evaluation instruments in health: history and reflections of why, how and when. Rev Médica Clínica Las Condes [Internet]. 2020;31(1):85-94.
28. Fan JY, Zhao HM, Liu YT, Kong LL, Mao J, Li J. Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Fraboni scale of ageism: evidence from medical students sample. BMC Medical Education, 2020 Jun;20(1):197.
29. Kutlu Y, Kucuk L, Yildiz Findik U. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Fraboni Scale of Ageism. Nursing & Health Sciences. 2012 Dec;14(4):464-71.
30. Li J, Dong Z, Xie W, Yang L, Qi X. Psychometric properties of the Fraboni scale of ageism (FSA) applied to long-term caregivers in nursing homes. BMC Geriatrics. 2024 Jul 25;24(1):632.
31. Ozel Bilim I, Kutlu FY. The psychometric properties, confirmatory factor analysis, and cut‐off value for the Fraboni scale of ageism (FSA) in a sampling of healthcare workers. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2021 Jan;57(1):9-19.
32. Ayalon L, Tesch-Romer C. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism. Springer International Publishing; available at: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8. Accessed July 16, 2024.
| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| ageism; reproducibility of results; aged | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Fhon JRS, Bello-Vidal C, Villanueva-Benites M, Arpasi-Quispe O, Leitón-Espinoza Z, Capa-Luque W. Cross-cultural and psychometric validation of the Fraboni scale of ageism in Peruvian nursing students. NPT. 2024;:X-X.
