Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the stressor scale for emergency nurses
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Abstract
Background & Aim: Emergency nurses face unique stressors that increase their occupational stress. Most existing tools measure general stress and overlook emergency-specific factors. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Stressor Scale for Emergency Nurses.
Methods & Materials: This is a cross-sectional study that used the forward-backward method to translate the tool from English to Persian. Face and content validity were assessed by five emergency nurses and five nursing faculty members, respectively. Construct, known-group, and convergent validity were tested in 198 emergency nurses from Saqqez and Sanandaj hospitals (2024). Test-retest reliability was evaluated in 21 nurses over two weeks. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega. Data were analyzed using Jamovi 2.4.14.
Results: Face and content validity were satisfactory. Exploratory factor analysis identified four factors—conflicts, life and death situations, patients' families' actions and reactions, and technical/formal supports, which explained 60.64% of total variance. Convergent validity showed a correlation of 0.554 between job stress scores based on the Stressor Scale for Emergency Nurses and the Brief Nursing Stress Scale. Known group validity revealed that occupational stress scores were higher in women than men, and there was a significant negative correlation between occupational stress and work experience in the emergency department. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients were 0.953 and 0.954, respectively; the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.943.
Conclusion: The Persian version of the stressor scale shows strong psychometric properties and is reliable for assessing occupational stress in emergency nurses.
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21. She L, Sharif SP, Nia HS. Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the modified online compulsive buying scale among Chinese young consumers. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business. 2021;22(2):121-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905493
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24. Hancerlioglu S, Konakci G, Aykar FS. Assessing psychometric properties of Turkish version of the stressor scale for emergency nurses. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020;20(2):69-74. https://doi.org/10.4103/2452-2473.285012
25. Harris PE. The nurse stress index. Work & Stress. 1989;3(4):335-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678378908256952
26. Brinkert R. A literature review of conflict communication causes, costs, benefits and interventions in nursing. Journal of Nursing Management. 2010;18(2):145-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01061.x
27. Azoulay E, Timsit J-F, Sprung CL, Soares M, Rusinova K, Lafabrie A, et al. Prevalence and factors of intensive care unit conflicts: The Conflicus study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2009;180(9):853-60. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200810-1614OC
28. Chen Y-C, Guo Y-LL, Lin L-C, Lee Y-J, Hu P-Y, Ho J-J, et al. Development of the nurses’ occupational stressor scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(2):649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020649
29. Dl S. Health measurement scales. A practical guide to their development and use. 1995:15-27.
30. Dalvand S, Gheshlagh RG, Najafi F, Zahednezhad H, Sayehmiri K. The prevalence of workplace violence against Iranian nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Shiraz E-Medical Journal. 2018;19(9):e65923. https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.65923
31. Osei-Mireku G, Wang X, Lartey J, Sarpong F. Individual differences in experiencing occupational stress—A case study on nurses of Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH). Open Journal of Business and Management. 2020;8(04):1657. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2020.84105
32. McVicar A. Workplace stress in nursing: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003;44(6):633-42. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0309-2402.2003.02853.x
2. Adriaenssens J, De Gucht V, Maes S. Determinants and prevalence of burnout in emergency nurses: A systematic review of 25 years of research. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2015; 52(2):649-61. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.11.004.
3. Dimitriadou Z, Kostagiolas P, Kritsotakis G, Rikos N, Stavropoulou A, Rovithis M. Occupational stress and coping strategies of the nursing staff of a public university hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nursing Practice Today. 2023; 10 (1):1-12. doi:10.18502/npt.v10i3.13429.
4. Foglia DC, Grassley JS, Zeigler VL. Factors that influence pediatric intensive care unit nurses to leave their jobs. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 2010; 33 (4):302-16. doi:10.1097/CNQ.0b013e3181f64979.
5. McKinney BK. Withstanding the pressure of the profession. Journal for Nurses in Professional Development. 2011; 27 (2):69-73. doi:10.1097/NND.0b013e31820eee6a.
6. Lin HS, Probst JC, Hsu YC. Depression among female psychiatric nurses in southern Taiwan: Main and moderating effects of job stress, coping behaviour and social support. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2010;19(15-16):2342-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03216.x
7. Rugless MJ, Taylor DM. Sick leave in the emergency department: Staff attitudes and the impact of job designation and psychosocial work conditions. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2011;23(1):39-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01372.x
8. Adriaenssens J, De Gucht V, Maes S. Causes and consequences of occupational stress in emergency nurses, a longitudinal study. Journal of Nursing Management. 2015;23(3):346-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12138
9. Gray-Toft P, Anderson JG. The nursing stress scale: Development of an instrument. Journal of Behavioral Assessment. 1981;3(1):11-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01321348
10. Osipow SH, Spokane AR. Occupational stress inventory-revised. Odessa, FL: Psychological. 1998:1-15.
11. Yuwanich N, Akhavan S, Nantsupawat W, Martin L, Elfström ML, Sandborgh M. Development and psychometric properties of the stressor scale for emergency nurses. International Emergency Nursing. 2018;39:77-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2018.01.005
12. O'Neill JW. Best practices in quantitative methods. Sage; 2008.
13. Comrey AL, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Psychology Press; 2013. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315827506
14. Sansó N, Vidal-Blanco G, Galiana L. Development and validation of the Brief Nursing Stress Scale (BNSS) in a sample of end-of-life care nurses. Nursing Reports. 2021;11(2):311-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep11020030
15. Sousa VD, Rojjanasrirat W. Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross‐cultural health care research: A clear and user‐friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 2011;17(2):268-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x
16. Netemeyer RG, Bearden WO, Sharma S. Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. Sage Publications; 2003. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985772
17. Sharif Nia H, Haghdoost AA, Ebadi A, Soleimani MA, Yaghoobzadeh A, Abbaszadeh A, et al. Psychometric properties of the King Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (KSIQ) in physical veterans of Iran-Iraq warfare. Journal of Military Medicine. 2015;17(3):145-53.
18. Costello AB, Osborne J. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation. 2019;10(1):7.
19. Hoseinzadeh E, Sharif-Nia H, Ashktorab T, Ebadi A. Development and psychometric evaluation of nurse’s intention to care for patients with infectious disease scale: An exploratory sequential mixed method study. BMC Nursing. 2024;23(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01669-z
20. Sharif-Nia H, She L, Osborne J, Gorgulu O, Fomani FK, Goudarzian AH. Statistical concerns, invalid construct validity, and future recommendations. Nursing Practice Today. 2024;11(1):16-21. https://doi.org/10.18502/npt.v11i1.14938
21. She L, Sharif SP, Nia HS. Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the modified online compulsive buying scale among Chinese young consumers. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business. 2021;22(2):121-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2021.1905493
22. Yong AG, Pearce S. A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology. 2013;9(2):79-94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
23. Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2016;15(2):155-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
24. Hancerlioglu S, Konakci G, Aykar FS. Assessing psychometric properties of Turkish version of the stressor scale for emergency nurses. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020;20(2):69-74. https://doi.org/10.4103/2452-2473.285012
25. Harris PE. The nurse stress index. Work & Stress. 1989;3(4):335-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678378908256952
26. Brinkert R. A literature review of conflict communication causes, costs, benefits and interventions in nursing. Journal of Nursing Management. 2010;18(2):145-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01061.x
27. Azoulay E, Timsit J-F, Sprung CL, Soares M, Rusinova K, Lafabrie A, et al. Prevalence and factors of intensive care unit conflicts: The Conflicus study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2009;180(9):853-60. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200810-1614OC
28. Chen Y-C, Guo Y-LL, Lin L-C, Lee Y-J, Hu P-Y, Ho J-J, et al. Development of the nurses’ occupational stressor scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(2):649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020649
29. Dl S. Health measurement scales. A practical guide to their development and use. 1995:15-27.
30. Dalvand S, Gheshlagh RG, Najafi F, Zahednezhad H, Sayehmiri K. The prevalence of workplace violence against Iranian nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Shiraz E-Medical Journal. 2018;19(9):e65923. https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.65923
31. Osei-Mireku G, Wang X, Lartey J, Sarpong F. Individual differences in experiencing occupational stress—A case study on nurses of Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH). Open Journal of Business and Management. 2020;8(04):1657. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2020.84105
32. McVicar A. Workplace stress in nursing: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003;44(6):633-42. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0309-2402.2003.02853.x
| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| psychometrics; occupational stress; emergency nursing; surveys and questionnaires | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Pour Mohammadi N, Dehvan F, Sharif Nia H. Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the stressor scale for emergency nurses. NPT. 2025;:X-X.
