Interventions to enhance mental health outcomes of persons with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review
,
Abstract
Background & Aim: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder requiring continuous care. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people with schizophrenia (PLWS) faced disproportionate challenges due to healthcare disruptions. Ensuring continuity of care is essential, and understanding the types of interventions implemented during this period can inform future support strategies. This systematic review aimed to identify, describe, and synthesize reported outcomes of interventions implemented to support the mental health of PLWS during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods & Materials: The protocol was registered on PROSPERO. A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and ScienceDirect for studies published between 2019 and 2023. Eligible studies included experimental (randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies) and non-experimental (observational) designs investigating the effects of interventions on mental health outcomes in PLWS aged 18 years and older. A narrative synthesis was used to report findings, and the quality of included studies was assessed.
Results: Of the 1,738 records screened, eleven studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising seven experimental and four non-experimental studies. Interventions included virtual and in-person guided walking, smartphone apps, animated audio-visual videos, animal-assisted therapy, nutritional programs, and incentivized community health worker models. Non-experimental studies reported on telehealth-delivered psychotherapies, vitamin D supplementation, and dietary interventions. These interventions were associated with reported improvements in physical activity, cognitive and social functioning, quality of life, and health behaviors, along with reductions in illness severity, self-stigma, and metabolic risk.
Conclusion: This review highlights a range of interventions reported to support the mental health of PLWS during the COVID-19 pandemic. While experimental studies suggest promising outcomes, findings from non-experimental designs require cautious interpretation. These insights may inform the development of flexible, evidence-informed strategies for PLWS in future public health crises.
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4. Barlati S, Nibbio G, Vita A. Schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2021;34(3):203-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000702
5. Kowalski K, Misiak B. Schizophrenia and the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review from the biomedical perspective. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2023.04.002
6. Ryu S, Nam HJ, Baek SH, Jhon M, Kim JM, Kim SW, et al. Decline in hospital visits by patients with schizophrenia early in the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience. 2022;20(1):185-9. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2022.20.1.185
7. Chien WT, Leung SF, Yeung FK, Wong WK. Current approaches to treatments for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, part II: Psychosocial interventions and patient-focused perspectives in psychiatric care. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2013;9:1463-81. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S49263
8. Anderson KK, Norman R, MacDougall A, Edwards J, Palaniyappan L, Lau C, et al. Effectiveness of early psychosis intervention: Comparison of service users and nonusers in population-based health administrative data. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;175(5):443-52. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050480
9. Zhand N, Joober R. Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Narrative review. BJPsych Open. 2021;7(1):e35. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.157
10. Kozloff N, Mulsant BH, Stergiopoulos V, Voineskos AN. The COVID-19 global pandemic: Implications for people with schizophrenia and related disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2020;46(4):752-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa051
11. Fusar-Poli P, Salazar de Pablo G, De Micheli A, Nieman DH, Correll CU, Kessing LV, et al. What is good mental health? A scoping review. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;31:33-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.105
12. Safieh J, Broughan J, McCombe G, McCarthy N, Frawley T, Guerandel A, et al. Interventions to optimise mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2022;20(5):2934-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00558-3
13. Mohseni M, Khalafi P, Hajizamani S, Baghchi B. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A review study. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses. 2022;16(S3).
14. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
15. Aromataris E, Munn Z. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI; 2021.
16. Zhang C, Wang X, Hu C, Ding W, Li H, Wu M, et al. The effect of prohibiting outside food during COVID-19 pandemic on the body weight of schizophrenic patients taking olanzapine or clozapine: A retrospective self-controlled study. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2021;10(5):5010-6. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-20-2513
17. Pimsen A, Kao CY, Hsu ST, Shu BC. The effect of advance care planning intervention on hospitalization among nursing home residents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2022;23(9):1448-60.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2022.07.017
18. Van Nhat T, Uthis P, Watthayu N. Risk factors of hazardous alcohol use among adult males: A systematic review. Nursing Practice Today. 2024 Apr 27;11(2):124-40. https://doi.org/10.18502/npt.v11i2.15404
19. Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A, Katikireddi SV, Brennan SE, Ellis S, et al. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: Reporting guideline. BMJ. 2020;368:l6890. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6890
20. Browne J, Battaglini C, Jarskog LF, Sheeran P, Abrantes AM, Elliott T, et al. Virtual group-based walking intervention for persons with schizophrenia: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2023;24:100515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100515
21. Chen HH, Hsu HT, Lin PC, Chen CY, Hsieh HF, Ko CH. Efficacy of a smartphone app in enhancing medication adherence and accuracy in individuals with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health. 2023;10(1):e41025. https://doi.org/10.2196/50806
22. Kopelowicz A, Lopez SR, Molina GB, Baron M, Franco R, Mayer D, et al. Evaluation of an audio-visual novela to improve COVID-19 knowledge and safe practices among Spanish-speaking individuals with schizophrenia. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-023-01456-7
23. Sevillano-Jimenez A, Romero-Saldana M, Garcia-Mellado JA, Carrascal-Laso L, Garcia-Rodriguez M, Molina-Luque R, et al. Impact of high prebiotic and probiotic dietary education in the SARS-CoV-2 era: Improved cardio-metabolic profile in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):781. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04426-9
24. Shih CA, Yang MH. Effect of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) on social interaction and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic: An experimental study. Asian Nursing Research. 2023;17(1):37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2023.01.002
25. Mandini S, Morelli M, Belvederi Murri M, Grassi L, Masotti S, Simani L, et al. Adherence to a guided walking program with amelioration of cognitive functions in subjects with schizophrenia even during COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2022;14(1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00440-2
26. Sivakumar T, Basavarajappa C, Philip M, Kumar CN, Thirthalli J, Parthasarathy R. Impact of incentivizing ASHAs on the outcome of persons with severe mental illness in a rural South Indian community amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2023;80:103388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103388
27. Faith LA, Zou DS, Kukla M. Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT) delivered virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic: An illustration of two cases. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 2023;53(1):71-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-022-09557-4
28. Joseph HL, de Andino AM, Wood K. Group cognitive-behavioral therapy via telebehavioral health for those with psychotic spectrum disorders: A case series. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2021;28(4):716-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.06.007
29. Shelef A, Dahan S, Weizman S, Bris EB. Vitamin D as a protective factor in COVID-19 infection in elderly schizophrenia and dementia inpatients: A case series. Israel Medical Association Journal. 2022;24(2):74-7.
30. Gallardo-Gómez D, Noetel M, Álvarez-Barbosa F, Alfonso-Rosa RM, Ramos-Munell J, Del Pozo Cruz B, et al. Exercise to treat psychopathology and other clinical outcomes in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry. 2023;66(1):e40. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.24
31. Browne J, Battaglini C, Imamoglu A, Stiles B, Jarskog LF, Sheeran P, et al. Engagement in a virtual group-based walking intervention for persons with schizophrenia: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24(1):790. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06250-9
32. Merrill AM, Karcher NR, Cicero DC, Becker TM, Docherty AR, Kerns JG. Evidence that communication impairment in schizophrenia is associated with generalized poor task performance. Psychiatry Research. 2017;249:172-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.051
33. Pitkänen A, Välimäki M, Kuosmanen L, Katajisto J, Koivunen M, Hätönen H, et al. Patient education methods to support quality of life and functional ability among patients with schizophrenia: A randomised clinical trial. Quality of Life Research. 2012;21(2):247-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9944-1
34. Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;2011(6):CD002831. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002831.pub2
35. Tamsuri A, Widati S. Factors influencing patient attention toward audiovisual-health education media in the waiting room of a public health center. Journal of Public Health Research. 2020;9(2):1807. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1807
36. Hawkins EL, Hawkins RD, Dennis M, Williams JM, Lawrie SM. Animal-assisted therapy for schizophrenia and related disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2019;115:51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.013
37. Finistrella M, Flores P, Frediani G. Animal-assisted therapy in patients affected by schizophrenia and schizophrenic-related disorders: A scoping review. Advances in Medicine, Psychology, and Public Health. 2024;1(2):53-61.
38. De Hert M, Schreurs V, Vancampfort D, Van Winkel R. Metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia: A review. World Psychiatry. 2009;8(1):15-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00199.x
39. Batra S, Baker RA, Wang T, Forma F, DiBiasi F, Peters-Strickland T. Digital health technology for use in patients with serious mental illness: A systematic review of the literature. Medical Devices: Evidence and Research. 2017;10:237-51. https://doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S144158
40. Firth J, Torous J. Smartphone apps for schizophrenia: A systematic review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2015;3(4):e102. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.4930
41. Correll CU, Galling B, Pawar A, Krivko A, Bonetto C, Ruggeri M, et al. Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(6):555-65. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623
42. Granholm E, Holden J, Link PC, McQuaid JR. Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for schizophrenia: Improvement in functioning and experiential negative symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2014;82(6):1173-85. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037098
43. Annweiler C, Beaudenon M, Simon R, Guenet M, Otekpo M, Célarier T, et al. Vitamin D supplementation prior to or during COVID-19 associated with better 3-month survival in geriatric patients: extension phase of the GERIA-COVID study. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2021;213:105958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105958
44. Zhang L, Zhu M, Liu X, Zhao Z, Han P, Lv L, et al. Calorie-restricted diet mitigates weight gain and metabolic abnormalities in obese women with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023;10:1038070. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1038070
45. Hjorth P, Davidsen AS, Kilian R, Skrubbeltrang C. A systematic review of controlled interventions to reduce overweight and obesity in people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2014;130(4):279-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12245
2. Millier A, Schmidt U, Angermeyer MC, Chauhan D, Murthy V, Toumi M, et al. Humanistic burden in schizophrenia: A literature review. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2014;54:85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.021
3. Chong HY, Teoh SL, Wu DB, Kotirum S, Chiou CF, Chaiyakunapruk N, et al. Global economic burden of schizophrenia: A systematic review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2016;12:357-73. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S96649
4. Barlati S, Nibbio G, Vita A. Schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2021;34(3):203-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000702
5. Kowalski K, Misiak B. Schizophrenia and the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review from the biomedical perspective. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2023.04.002
6. Ryu S, Nam HJ, Baek SH, Jhon M, Kim JM, Kim SW, et al. Decline in hospital visits by patients with schizophrenia early in the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience. 2022;20(1):185-9. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2022.20.1.185
7. Chien WT, Leung SF, Yeung FK, Wong WK. Current approaches to treatments for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, part II: Psychosocial interventions and patient-focused perspectives in psychiatric care. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2013;9:1463-81. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S49263
8. Anderson KK, Norman R, MacDougall A, Edwards J, Palaniyappan L, Lau C, et al. Effectiveness of early psychosis intervention: Comparison of service users and nonusers in population-based health administrative data. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;175(5):443-52. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17050480
9. Zhand N, Joober R. Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Narrative review. BJPsych Open. 2021;7(1):e35. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.157
10. Kozloff N, Mulsant BH, Stergiopoulos V, Voineskos AN. The COVID-19 global pandemic: Implications for people with schizophrenia and related disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2020;46(4):752-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa051
11. Fusar-Poli P, Salazar de Pablo G, De Micheli A, Nieman DH, Correll CU, Kessing LV, et al. What is good mental health? A scoping review. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;31:33-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.105
12. Safieh J, Broughan J, McCombe G, McCarthy N, Frawley T, Guerandel A, et al. Interventions to optimise mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2022;20(5):2934-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00558-3
13. Mohseni M, Khalafi P, Hajizamani S, Baghchi B. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A review study. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses. 2022;16(S3).
14. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
15. Aromataris E, Munn Z. JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI; 2021.
16. Zhang C, Wang X, Hu C, Ding W, Li H, Wu M, et al. The effect of prohibiting outside food during COVID-19 pandemic on the body weight of schizophrenic patients taking olanzapine or clozapine: A retrospective self-controlled study. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2021;10(5):5010-6. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-20-2513
17. Pimsen A, Kao CY, Hsu ST, Shu BC. The effect of advance care planning intervention on hospitalization among nursing home residents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2022;23(9):1448-60.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2022.07.017
18. Van Nhat T, Uthis P, Watthayu N. Risk factors of hazardous alcohol use among adult males: A systematic review. Nursing Practice Today. 2024 Apr 27;11(2):124-40. https://doi.org/10.18502/npt.v11i2.15404
19. Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A, Katikireddi SV, Brennan SE, Ellis S, et al. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: Reporting guideline. BMJ. 2020;368:l6890. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6890
20. Browne J, Battaglini C, Jarskog LF, Sheeran P, Abrantes AM, Elliott T, et al. Virtual group-based walking intervention for persons with schizophrenia: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2023;24:100515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100515
21. Chen HH, Hsu HT, Lin PC, Chen CY, Hsieh HF, Ko CH. Efficacy of a smartphone app in enhancing medication adherence and accuracy in individuals with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health. 2023;10(1):e41025. https://doi.org/10.2196/50806
22. Kopelowicz A, Lopez SR, Molina GB, Baron M, Franco R, Mayer D, et al. Evaluation of an audio-visual novela to improve COVID-19 knowledge and safe practices among Spanish-speaking individuals with schizophrenia. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-023-01456-7
23. Sevillano-Jimenez A, Romero-Saldana M, Garcia-Mellado JA, Carrascal-Laso L, Garcia-Rodriguez M, Molina-Luque R, et al. Impact of high prebiotic and probiotic dietary education in the SARS-CoV-2 era: Improved cardio-metabolic profile in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):781. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04426-9
24. Shih CA, Yang MH. Effect of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) on social interaction and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic: An experimental study. Asian Nursing Research. 2023;17(1):37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2023.01.002
25. Mandini S, Morelli M, Belvederi Murri M, Grassi L, Masotti S, Simani L, et al. Adherence to a guided walking program with amelioration of cognitive functions in subjects with schizophrenia even during COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2022;14(1):7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00440-2
26. Sivakumar T, Basavarajappa C, Philip M, Kumar CN, Thirthalli J, Parthasarathy R. Impact of incentivizing ASHAs on the outcome of persons with severe mental illness in a rural South Indian community amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2023;80:103388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103388
27. Faith LA, Zou DS, Kukla M. Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT) delivered virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic: An illustration of two cases. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 2023;53(1):71-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-022-09557-4
28. Joseph HL, de Andino AM, Wood K. Group cognitive-behavioral therapy via telebehavioral health for those with psychotic spectrum disorders: A case series. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2021;28(4):716-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.06.007
29. Shelef A, Dahan S, Weizman S, Bris EB. Vitamin D as a protective factor in COVID-19 infection in elderly schizophrenia and dementia inpatients: A case series. Israel Medical Association Journal. 2022;24(2):74-7.
30. Gallardo-Gómez D, Noetel M, Álvarez-Barbosa F, Alfonso-Rosa RM, Ramos-Munell J, Del Pozo Cruz B, et al. Exercise to treat psychopathology and other clinical outcomes in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry. 2023;66(1):e40. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.24
31. Browne J, Battaglini C, Imamoglu A, Stiles B, Jarskog LF, Sheeran P, et al. Engagement in a virtual group-based walking intervention for persons with schizophrenia: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24(1):790. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06250-9
32. Merrill AM, Karcher NR, Cicero DC, Becker TM, Docherty AR, Kerns JG. Evidence that communication impairment in schizophrenia is associated with generalized poor task performance. Psychiatry Research. 2017;249:172-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.051
33. Pitkänen A, Välimäki M, Kuosmanen L, Katajisto J, Koivunen M, Hätönen H, et al. Patient education methods to support quality of life and functional ability among patients with schizophrenia: A randomised clinical trial. Quality of Life Research. 2012;21(2):247-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9944-1
34. Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;2011(6):CD002831. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002831.pub2
35. Tamsuri A, Widati S. Factors influencing patient attention toward audiovisual-health education media in the waiting room of a public health center. Journal of Public Health Research. 2020;9(2):1807. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1807
36. Hawkins EL, Hawkins RD, Dennis M, Williams JM, Lawrie SM. Animal-assisted therapy for schizophrenia and related disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2019;115:51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.013
37. Finistrella M, Flores P, Frediani G. Animal-assisted therapy in patients affected by schizophrenia and schizophrenic-related disorders: A scoping review. Advances in Medicine, Psychology, and Public Health. 2024;1(2):53-61.
38. De Hert M, Schreurs V, Vancampfort D, Van Winkel R. Metabolic syndrome in people with schizophrenia: A review. World Psychiatry. 2009;8(1):15-22. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00199.x
39. Batra S, Baker RA, Wang T, Forma F, DiBiasi F, Peters-Strickland T. Digital health technology for use in patients with serious mental illness: A systematic review of the literature. Medical Devices: Evidence and Research. 2017;10:237-51. https://doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S144158
40. Firth J, Torous J. Smartphone apps for schizophrenia: A systematic review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2015;3(4):e102. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.4930
41. Correll CU, Galling B, Pawar A, Krivko A, Bonetto C, Ruggeri M, et al. Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(6):555-65. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623
42. Granholm E, Holden J, Link PC, McQuaid JR. Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for schizophrenia: Improvement in functioning and experiential negative symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2014;82(6):1173-85. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037098
43. Annweiler C, Beaudenon M, Simon R, Guenet M, Otekpo M, Célarier T, et al. Vitamin D supplementation prior to or during COVID-19 associated with better 3-month survival in geriatric patients: extension phase of the GERIA-COVID study. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2021;213:105958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105958
44. Zhang L, Zhu M, Liu X, Zhao Z, Han P, Lv L, et al. Calorie-restricted diet mitigates weight gain and metabolic abnormalities in obese women with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023;10:1038070. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1038070
45. Hjorth P, Davidsen AS, Kilian R, Skrubbeltrang C. A systematic review of controlled interventions to reduce overweight and obesity in people with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2014;130(4):279-89. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12245
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 3 (2025): Summer | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| schizophrenia; mental health outcomes; COVID-19; interventions | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Stithyudhakarn S, Uthis P, Nhat TV. Interventions to enhance mental health outcomes of persons with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. NPT. 2025;12(3):237-258.
