Three common pitfalls in psychometric validation: PCA misuse, orthogonal rotation, and skipping confirmatory factor analysis
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3. Sharif-Nia H, She L, Osborne J, Gorgulu O, Fomani FK, Goudarzian AH. Statistical concerns, invalid construct validity, and future recommendations. Nursing Practice Today. 2024 Feb 10;11(1):16-21.
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11. Morgado FF, Meireles JF, Neves CM, Amaral AC, Ferreira ME. Scale development: Ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica. 2017; 30(1):3.
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13. Schreiber JB. Issues and recommendations for exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2021; 17(5):1004-11.
2. Costello AB, Osborne J. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation 2005; 10(1):1-8.
3. Sharif-Nia H, She L, Osborne J, Gorgulu O, Fomani FK, Goudarzian AH. Statistical concerns, invalid construct validity, and future recommendations. Nursing Practice Today. 2024 Feb 10;11(1):16-21.
4. Widaman KF. Common factor analysis versus principal component analysis: Differential bias in representing model parameters? Multivariate Behavioral Research. 1993; 28(3):263-311.
5. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research: Guilford publications; 2015.
6. Conway JM, Huffcutt AI. A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods. 2003; 6(2):147-68.
7. Yong AG, Pearce S. A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology. 2013; 9(2):79-94.
8. Nunnally J, Bernstein I. Psychometric theory (3rd ed.): McGraw-Hill; 1994.
9. DeVellis RF, Thorpe CT. Scale development: Theory and applications: Sage Publications; 2021.
10. Polit DF. Assessing measurement in health: Beyond reliability and validity. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2015; 52(11):1746-53.
11. Morgado FF, Meireles JF, Neves CM, Amaral AC, Ferreira ME. Scale development: Ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica. 2017; 30(1):3.
12. Byrne BM. Factor analytic models: Viewing the structure of an assessment instrument from three perspectives. Journal of Personality Assessment. 2005 Aug 1;85(1):17-32.
13. Schreiber JB. Issues and recommendations for exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2021; 17(5):1004-11.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2026): Summer | |
| Section | Commentary(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/npt.v13i3.22126 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Psychometrics Factor analysis Rotaion | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Ghanei Gheshlagh R. Three common pitfalls in psychometric validation: PCA misuse, orthogonal rotation, and skipping confirmatory factor analysis. Nurs. pract. today. 2026;13(3):242-245.
