Continuing professional development: Awareness, attitude, facilitators, and barriers among nurses in the Philippines
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Abstract
Background & Aim: Mandatory Continuing Professional Development (CPD) remains to be an issue among nurses. The relatively new implementation of the CPD Act in the Philippines has led to varying perceptions and oppositions that warrant exploration. This study aimed to determine the awareness, attitude, facilitators, and barriers to CPD among hospital nurses in the Philippines.
Methods & Materials: This study employed a descriptive, cross-sectional survey design with 237 randomly selected nurses in tertiary hospitals in Iloilo City, Philippines. Self-administered instruments were used to gather self-report data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s r.
Results: Results indicated that nurses were moderately aware of the CPD law (M=2.31; SD=.31), were positive about the importance of CPD (M=3.91; SD=.72) but were ambivalent toward CPD implementation (M=5.98; SD=2.01). Attitude toward CPD importance significantly differed (p=.000) across age group. Awareness of CPD law (p=.000) and attitude toward the importance of CPD (p=.000) were significantly related to their attitude toward the implementation of CPD. Awareness that CPD is a requirement for license renewal (90.7%), knowledge that it can help improve skills at work (78.9%), and sponsorship from the organization (62%) were considered the major facilitators while cost (98.75%), not available to all staff (61.6%), and time-related factors (60.3%) were the major barriers to CPD participation.
Conclusion: Along with current efforts to strengthen CPD in the country, it is hoped that identification of knowledge gaps and addressing the barriers may lead to better understanding, acceptance, and participation of nurses to mandatory CPD.
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2. Republic Act No. 10912 of 2016: An act mandating and strengthening the continuing professional development program for all regulated professions, creating the continuing professional development council, and appropriating funds therefor, and for other related purposes (Philippines). Available at https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/07/21/republic-act-no-10912/
3. International Council of Nurses. The ICN code of ethics for nurses. (2012). Available at https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inlinefiles/2012_ICN_Codeofethicsfornurses_%20eng.pdf
4. Board of Nursing Resolution No. 220 series of 2004: Promulgation of the code of ethics for registered nurses (Philippines). Available at https://www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/Board%20of%20Nursing-CE.pdf
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7. Pool I, Poell R, ten Cate O. Nurses’ and managers’ perceptions of continuing professional development for older and younger nurses: A focus group study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2013 Jan 1;50(1):34-43.
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9. Bautista RG, Benigno VG , Camayang JG, Ursua JC , Agaloos CG, Ligado, FNG , Buminaang KN. Continuing professional development program as evidenced by the lenses of QSU licensed professional teachers. American Journal of Educational Research. 2017 Dec 6;5(11):1172-1176.
10. Orale RL, Gomba FE, Fabillar L, & Quebada AE. Are conventions an effective continuing professional development activity?. Journal of Academic Research. 2016;1(3):1-11.
11. Schweitzer DJ, Krassa TJ. Deterrents to nurses’ participation in continuing professional development: An integrative literature review. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 2010 Oct 1;41(10):441-47.
12. Rogers EM. Diffusion of innovations. 4th ed. New York: Free Press; 1995.
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14. Angonese R, Lavarda CE. Analysis of the factors affecting resistance to changes in management accounting systems. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças. 2014 Dec;25(66):214-227.
15. Salam M, Alghamdi KS. Nurse educators: Introducing a change and evading resistance. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice. 2016;6(11):80-3.
16. Brekelmans G, Maassen S, Poell RF, Weststrate J, Geurdes E. Factors influencing nurse participation in continuing professional development activities: Survey results from the Netherlands. Nurse Education Today. 2016 May 1;40:13-9.
17. Professional Regulatory Commission Resolution No. 2019-1146 series of 2019. Amending relevant provisions of resolution no. 1032 (2017) otherwise known as the “Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic Act No. 10912, known as the continuing professional development (CPD) act of 2016 (Philippines). Available at https://www.prc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2019-1146%20CPD%20IRR.PDF
18. Ingwu JA, Efekalam J, Nwaneri A, Ohaeri B, Israel C, Chikeme P, Madu O, Opara H, Omotola N. Perception towards mandatory continuing professional development programme among nurses working at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu-Nigeria. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences. 2019 Jan 1;11:100169.
19. Oducado RMF. Gen Z nursing students' usage, perception and satisfaction with Facebook for educational purposes: Tool for learning or distraction. Indonesian Nursing Journal of Education and Clinic. 2019;4(1):79-89.
20. Dimock M. Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. Pew Research Center. (2019). Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/
21. Lamasan JIL, Oducado RMF. (2018). A qualitative description of millennial nurse administrators’ perspectives on leadership and their practice environment. Indonesian Nursing Journal of Education and Clinic. 2018;2(3):153-64.
22. Marcus K, Quimson G, Short SD. Source country perceptions, experiences, and recommendations regarding health workforce migration: a case study from the Philippines. Human Resources for Health. 2014 Dec;12(1):62.
23. Price S, Reichert C. The importance of continuing professional development to career satisfaction and patient care: meeting the needs of novice to mid-to late-career nurses throughout their career span. Administrative Sciences. 2017 Jun;7(2):17.
24. Katsikitis M, McAllister M, Sharman R, Raith L, Faithfull-Byrne A, Priaulx R. Continuing professional development in nursing in Australia: Current awareness, practice and future directions. Contemporary Nurse. 2013 Aug 1;45(1):33-45.
25. Chong MC, Francis K, Cooper S, Abdullah KL. Current continuing professional education practice among Malaysian nurses. Nursing Research and Practice. 2014; Article ID 126748.
26. Murphy C, Cross C, McGuire D. The motivation of nurses to participate in continuing professional education in Ireland. Journal of European Industrial Training. 2006 Jun 1;30(5):365-84.
27. Lammintakanen J, Kivinen T. Continuing professional development in nursing: does age matter?. Journal of Workplace Learning. 2012 Jan 6;24(1):34-47.
28. Shahhosseini Z, Hamzehgardeshi Z. The facilitators and barriers to nurses’ participation in continuing education programs: A mixed method explanatory sequential study. Global Journal of Health Science. 2015 May;7(3):184-93.
29. Feldacker C, Pintye J, Jacob S, Chung MH, Middleton L, Iliffe J, Kim HN. Continuing professional development for medical, nursing, and midwifery cadres in Malawi, Tanzania and South Africa: A qualitative evaluation. PloS One. 2017 Oct 17;12(10):e0186074.
30. Coventry TH, Maslin‐Prothero SE, Smith G. Organizational impact of nurse supply and workload on nurses continuing professional development opportunities: an integrative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2015 Dec;71(12):2715-27.
31. Lina JD. Our overworked and unpaid/underpaid nurses badly need help. Manila Bulletin. [newspaper on the Internet]. 2018 Feb 26 [cited 2019 Dec 23] Available at https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/02/26/our-overworked-and-unpaidunderpaid-nurses-badly-need-help/
2. Republic Act No. 10912 of 2016: An act mandating and strengthening the continuing professional development program for all regulated professions, creating the continuing professional development council, and appropriating funds therefor, and for other related purposes (Philippines). Available at https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/07/21/republic-act-no-10912/
3. International Council of Nurses. The ICN code of ethics for nurses. (2012). Available at https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inlinefiles/2012_ICN_Codeofethicsfornurses_%20eng.pdf
4. Board of Nursing Resolution No. 220 series of 2004: Promulgation of the code of ethics for registered nurses (Philippines). Available at https://www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/Board%20of%20Nursing-CE.pdf
5. Ross K, Barr J, Stevens J. Mandatory continuing professional development requirements: what does this mean for Australian nurses. BMC Nursing. 2013 Dec;12(1):9.
6. James A, Francis K. Mandatory continuing professional education: What is the prognosis?. Collegian. 2011 Sep 1;18(3):131-6.
7. Pool I, Poell R, ten Cate O. Nurses’ and managers’ perceptions of continuing professional development for older and younger nurses: A focus group study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2013 Jan 1;50(1):34-43.
8. Roxas, PAV. 4 house bills, 5 senate bills seek repeal, amendment of CPD law. Inquierer.net [newspaper on the Internet]. 2018 Nov 23 [cited 2019 Dec 23] Available at https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1056451/4-house-bills-5-senate-bills-seek-repeal-amendment-of-cpd-law
9. Bautista RG, Benigno VG , Camayang JG, Ursua JC , Agaloos CG, Ligado, FNG , Buminaang KN. Continuing professional development program as evidenced by the lenses of QSU licensed professional teachers. American Journal of Educational Research. 2017 Dec 6;5(11):1172-1176.
10. Orale RL, Gomba FE, Fabillar L, & Quebada AE. Are conventions an effective continuing professional development activity?. Journal of Academic Research. 2016;1(3):1-11.
11. Schweitzer DJ, Krassa TJ. Deterrents to nurses’ participation in continuing professional development: An integrative literature review. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 2010 Oct 1;41(10):441-47.
12. Rogers EM. Diffusion of innovations. 4th ed. New York: Free Press; 1995.
13. Batras D, Duff C, Smith BJ. Organizational change theory: implications for health promotion practice. Health promotion international. 2016 Mar 1;31(1):231-41.
14. Angonese R, Lavarda CE. Analysis of the factors affecting resistance to changes in management accounting systems. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças. 2014 Dec;25(66):214-227.
15. Salam M, Alghamdi KS. Nurse educators: Introducing a change and evading resistance. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice. 2016;6(11):80-3.
16. Brekelmans G, Maassen S, Poell RF, Weststrate J, Geurdes E. Factors influencing nurse participation in continuing professional development activities: Survey results from the Netherlands. Nurse Education Today. 2016 May 1;40:13-9.
17. Professional Regulatory Commission Resolution No. 2019-1146 series of 2019. Amending relevant provisions of resolution no. 1032 (2017) otherwise known as the “Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic Act No. 10912, known as the continuing professional development (CPD) act of 2016 (Philippines). Available at https://www.prc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2019-1146%20CPD%20IRR.PDF
18. Ingwu JA, Efekalam J, Nwaneri A, Ohaeri B, Israel C, Chikeme P, Madu O, Opara H, Omotola N. Perception towards mandatory continuing professional development programme among nurses working at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu-Nigeria. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences. 2019 Jan 1;11:100169.
19. Oducado RMF. Gen Z nursing students' usage, perception and satisfaction with Facebook for educational purposes: Tool for learning or distraction. Indonesian Nursing Journal of Education and Clinic. 2019;4(1):79-89.
20. Dimock M. Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. Pew Research Center. (2019). Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/
21. Lamasan JIL, Oducado RMF. (2018). A qualitative description of millennial nurse administrators’ perspectives on leadership and their practice environment. Indonesian Nursing Journal of Education and Clinic. 2018;2(3):153-64.
22. Marcus K, Quimson G, Short SD. Source country perceptions, experiences, and recommendations regarding health workforce migration: a case study from the Philippines. Human Resources for Health. 2014 Dec;12(1):62.
23. Price S, Reichert C. The importance of continuing professional development to career satisfaction and patient care: meeting the needs of novice to mid-to late-career nurses throughout their career span. Administrative Sciences. 2017 Jun;7(2):17.
24. Katsikitis M, McAllister M, Sharman R, Raith L, Faithfull-Byrne A, Priaulx R. Continuing professional development in nursing in Australia: Current awareness, practice and future directions. Contemporary Nurse. 2013 Aug 1;45(1):33-45.
25. Chong MC, Francis K, Cooper S, Abdullah KL. Current continuing professional education practice among Malaysian nurses. Nursing Research and Practice. 2014; Article ID 126748.
26. Murphy C, Cross C, McGuire D. The motivation of nurses to participate in continuing professional education in Ireland. Journal of European Industrial Training. 2006 Jun 1;30(5):365-84.
27. Lammintakanen J, Kivinen T. Continuing professional development in nursing: does age matter?. Journal of Workplace Learning. 2012 Jan 6;24(1):34-47.
28. Shahhosseini Z, Hamzehgardeshi Z. The facilitators and barriers to nurses’ participation in continuing education programs: A mixed method explanatory sequential study. Global Journal of Health Science. 2015 May;7(3):184-93.
29. Feldacker C, Pintye J, Jacob S, Chung MH, Middleton L, Iliffe J, Kim HN. Continuing professional development for medical, nursing, and midwifery cadres in Malawi, Tanzania and South Africa: A qualitative evaluation. PloS One. 2017 Oct 17;12(10):e0186074.
30. Coventry TH, Maslin‐Prothero SE, Smith G. Organizational impact of nurse supply and workload on nurses continuing professional development opportunities: an integrative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2015 Dec;71(12):2715-27.
31. Lina JD. Our overworked and unpaid/underpaid nurses badly need help. Manila Bulletin. [newspaper on the Internet]. 2018 Feb 26 [cited 2019 Dec 23] Available at https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/02/26/our-overworked-and-unpaidunderpaid-nurses-badly-need-help/
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 3 (2020): Summer | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/npt.v7i3.3348 | |
| Keywords | ||
| continuing professional development; awareness; Philippines; self-report; cross-sectional studies | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Palma JAF, Oducado RM, Palma B. Continuing professional development: Awareness, attitude, facilitators, and barriers among nurses in the Philippines. NPT. 2020;7(3):198-207.
